You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. The three defendants, Michael J. Doyle, Jimmy Kerrigan and Edward Kelly, had elected to receive separate trials. Was this review helpful to you? Certificate: GP On 10 December 1875, three men and two women were attacked in their home by masked men. What had a woman to do with the case—did the [Molly Maguires] in their worst time shoot down women. [66] For his part, McParland testified that the AOH and the Mollies were one and the same, and the defendants guilty of the murders. The Irish miners had been forbidden to set foot in the public square in Mahanoy City, and a plan to occupy it by force of arms was considered then abandoned. Title: When poor Let bygones be bygones, unless in a very glaring case; but watch for the time to come. The Molly Maguires Trials: A Chronology. Thomas Munley's aged father had walked more than 10 mi (16 km) from Gilberton to assure his son that he believed in his innocence. The Molly Maguires were a secret organization of coal miners in the anthracite regions of eastern Pennsylvania and West Virginia.Also known as the "Buckshots," "Sleepers," and "White Boys," the name "Molly Maguires"was taken from a famous widow who had headed a tenant protest in Ireland in the 1840s. The Molly Maguires book. Later, when McParland tried the same methods he used against miners in Pennsylvania against miners in Idaho, defense attorney Clarence Darrow exposed intimidation of the miners leading them into making false confessions. I know what it is … In the Pennsylvanian coal mines of 1876, a group of Irish immigrant workers begin to retaliate against the cruelty of their work environment. The actual existence of the Molly Maguires as a coordinated secret society or terrorist organization is still debated by historians. This history remains part of local Pennsylvania lore. [63] This trial was declared a mistrial due to the death of one of the jurors. Gomer James was killed while tending bar. Pinkerton selected James McParland (sometimes called McParlan), a native of County Armagh, to go undercover against the Mollies. A woman, the wife of one of the reputed Mollies, was shot dead. The request for a pardon was made by one of Kehoe's descendants. 153, 157. Keep strictly to the land question, by allowing no landlord more than fair value for his tenure. [3] Local leaders were reported to have sometimes dressed as women, i.e., as mothers begging for food for their children. Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Shapp praised Kehoe, saying the men called "Molly Maguires" were "martyrs to labor" and heroes in the struggle to establish a union and fair treatment for workers. Before he died, he reported that his killers were Irish, but were not Kerrigan or Duffy. The Mollies were a secret society based among the Irish coal miners in the anthracite fields of northern Pennsylvania in the 1860s and 1870s. The "Molly Maguire club" or "Molly's Club" was described as a "mutual defence association" that had been "formed for the mutual assistance of the members when they got into 'trouble', each member subscribing to the funds". [61], The first trial of defendants McGeehan, Carroll, Duffy, James Boyle, and James Roarity for the killing of Yost commenced in May 1876. Gudelunas, Jr., William Anthony, and William G. Shade. Merchants and millers were often threatened or attacked if their prices were high. In addition to the railroad, Gowen owned two-thirds of the coal mines in southeastern Pennsylvania. Stars of the Silver Screen: Richard Harris. However, he has a plan and just the right people to carry it out. Thus, many of the elderly miners finished their mining days as they had begun in their youth. For my sake, then, no distinction to any man, on account of his religion; his acts alone you are to look to. [5], While the Whiteboys were known to wear white linen frocks over their clothing, the Mollies blackened their faces with burnt cork. He also began working secretly with a Pinkerton agent assigned to the Coal and Iron Police for the purpose of coordinating the eventual arrest and prosecution of members of the Molly Maguires. Torn by personal guilt, Italian General Umberto Nobile reminisces about his 1928 failed Arctic expedition aboard the airship Italia. I have also in the interests of God and humanity notified you months before some of those outrages were committed still the authorities took no hold of the matter. [39], Most Irish mine workers belonged to the WBA and roughly half the officers of its executive board in 1872 bore Irish names. But the wheels of revenge were grinding slowly. I give all information about them so clear that the courts could have taken hold of their case at any time but the witnesses were too cowardly to do it. Benjamin Franklin, McParland's Pinkerton supervisor, declared himself "anxious to satisfy [McParland] that [the Pinkerton Agency has] nothing to do with [the vigilante murders.]" Forewarned of the attempt, McParland had sought to arrange protection for the mine boss, but was unsuccessful. Kenny notes the leaders of the WBA were "always unequivocally opposed" to the Molly Maguires. Tyrannical, but ailing, tycoon Charles Richmond becomes very fond of his attractive Italian nurse, Maria. I seem to make no progress. Read 2 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. A detective, also an Irish emigrant, is hired to infiltrate the group and report on its members. A Pennsylvania company plants a spy (Richard Harris) among an Irish coal miner's (Sean Connery) secret society of saboteurs. Add to that the fact that Richard Harris,one of my favorite actors stars in the film,and its a must see for me. It will not do to get many men, but let him get those who are prepared to take fearful revenge on the M.M.'s. The group named itself after a widow who led a group of Irish antilandlord agitators in the 1840s. The Molly Maguires originated in Ireland, where secret societies with names such as Whiteboys and Peep o' Day Boys were common beginning in the 18th century and through most of the 19th century. McParland had been attempting to convince Orchard to accuse Bill Haywood, leader of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), of conspiracy to commit another murder. The daily reports were typed by staff, and conveyed to the client for a ten dollar fee. The supporting cast is just as strong,particularly the lovely and talented Samantha Eggar and the underused shakespearean actor Frank Finley. At Tuscarora, a meeting of miners was attacked; one miner was killed and several others wounded. The Molly Maguires Photos View All Photos (14) Movie Info. In 1910, industrialist and historian James Ford Rhodes published a major scholarly analysis in the leading professional history journal:[72], When organized labor helped elect Terence V. Powderly as mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania two years after the Molly Maguire trials, the opposition vilified his team as the "Molly Maguire Ticket". Although Kerrigan has since been described, along with Duffy, as hating the night watchman enough to plot his murder,[62] Kerrigan became a state's witness and testified against the union leaders and other miners. [74] And "... [I]t is impossible for us to imagine the plight of the 19th Century miners in Pennsylvania's anthracite region" and that it was Kehoe's popularity among the miners that led Gowen "'to fear, despise and ultimately destroy [him]'". At this time, the members of the Molly Maguires were planning to kill William Thomas and Gomer James for offending them and supporting the company. Get a sneak peek of the new version of this page. Both modes of organization... tried to improve conditions of life and labor in the anthracite region. The Molly Maguires shows an accurate picture of the hard life these people faced and how the mine owners schemed to keep them poor and virtual slaves in company towns. A secret group of Irish immigrant miners, known as the Molly Maguires, fights against the cruelty of the mining company with sabotage and murder. A detective, also an Irish emigrant, is hired to infiltrate the group and report on its members. John Oswalt . The Molly Maguires Movie. They were followed by Thomas Munley, James Carroll, James Roarity, James Boyle, Thomas Duffy, Kelly, Campbell, and "Yellow Jack" Donahue. His assignment was to collect evidence of murder plots and intrigue, passing this information along to his Pinkerton manager. [23], ...the mine owners without one single exception had refused over the years to install emergency exits, ventilating and pumping systems, or to make provision for sound scaffolding. By 1877 an estimated one-fifth of the nation's workingmen were completely unemployed, two-fifths worked no more than six or seven months a year, and only one-fifth had full-time jobs. Another miner, Hugh McGeehan, a 21-year-old who had been secretly identified as a killer by McParland, was fired upon and wounded by unknown assailants. [65], In November, McAllister was convicted. After Duke Anderson is released from prison after ten years for taking the rap for a scion of a Mafia family, he cashes in a debt of honor with the mob to bankroll a caper. The Molly Maguires [21], A Pinkerton agent, Robert J. Linden, was brought in to support McParland while serving with the Coal and Iron Police. It is based on a 1964 novel by Arthur H. Lewis. He did not object that Mollies might be assassinated as a result of his labor spying – they "got their just deserving". Munley's wife arrived a few minutes after they closed the gate, and they refused to open it even for close relatives to say their final good-byes. Ten more condemned, Thomas Fisher, John "Black Jack" Kehoe, Patrick Hester, Peter McHugh, Patrick Tully, Peter McManus, Dennis Donnelly, Martin Bergan, James McDonnell and Charles Sharpe, were hanged at Mauch Chunk, Pottsville, Bloomsburg and Sunbury over the next two years. The Molly Maguires are recorded as the first worker-only labor movement in American history. British and Irish newspapers reported about the Mollies in Ireland in the nineteenth century. The state provided only the courtroom and the gallows. It will remain forever to shame the county for hanging an innocent man." It is not cowardice that makes me resign but just let them have it now I will no longer interfere as I see that one is the same as the other and I am not going to be an accessory to the murder of women and children. Irish miners in this organization employed the tactics of intimidation and violence used against Irish landlords during the "Land Wars" yet again in violent confrontations against the anthracite, or hard coal, mining companies in the 19th century. Pinkerton operatives were required to send a report each day. If the storekeeper failed to provide, the Mollies would enter the store and take what they wanted, warning the owner of dire consequences if the incident was reported. [43] On 29 August 1875, Allan Pinkerton wrote a letter to George Bangs, Pinkerton's general superintendent, recommending vigilante actions against the Molly Maguires: "The M.M. But on which side do his sympathies lie? The Molly Maguires took their name from a rural secret society in Ireland. Historian Kevin Kenny notes that the convicted men were all members of the AOH. ", Later Liverpool newspaper articles from the same time period refer to assaults by Mollies against other Irish Liverpudlians. Molly Maguires, secret organization of coal miners supposedly responsible for acts of terrorism in the coalfields of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, U.S., in the period from 1862 to 1876. A private corporation initiated the investigation through a private detective agency. In Schuylkill County, the striking miners and their families were starving to death. Kerrigan was allowed to go free. Walter Bernstein, Blacklisted Screenwriter of ‘The Front,’ Dies at 101, Walter Bernstein, Blacklisted Writer and Oscar Nominee for ‘The Front,’ Dies at 101, Wamg Tribute: Original Film 007 Sir Sean Connery Has Died. While it is true that all Molly Maguires were members of the Hibernians, it is not true that all AOH members were Molly Maguires. The Molly Maguires were an Irish 19th-century secret society active in Ireland, Liverpool and parts of the Eastern United States, best known for their activism among Irish-American and Irish immigrant coal miners in Pennsylvania. Authors Richard O. Boyer and Herbert M. Morais argue that the killings were not one-sided: Militant miners often disappeared, their bodies sometimes being found later in deserted mine shafts.[52]. [46], McParland believed his daily reports had been made available to the anti-Molly vigilantes. To sum it up..Molly McGuires is a film that you can sink your teeth into..and no matter which side of the conflict you find yourself on you can see what it was that drove men to do what they did.This film will not fail to keep you on the edge of your seat and make you think in the process. But Gowen had built a combination of his own, bringing all of the mine operators into an employers' association known as the Anthracite Board of Trade. In the 1840s, 1850s, and 1860s, some 20,000 Irish workers had arrived in Schuylkill County. However, Joseph Rayback's 1966 volume, A History of American Labor, claims the "identity of the Molly Maguires has never been proved". [8] An "Address of 'Molly Maguire' to her children" containing twelve rules was published in Freeman's Journal on 7 July 1845. [42], F.P. More important, it gave the public the impression... that miners were by nature criminal in character....[16]. 1833: A new technology for smelting iron with anthracite coal causes a boom in coal production in Pennsylvania. "The Molly Maguires and the Catholic Church", This page was last edited on 22 January 2021, at 03:59. New tenants on lands secured by evictions also became targets. However, Kerrigan's wife testified in the courtroom that her husband had committed the murder. Members of the Mollies were accused of murder, arson, kidnapping and other crimes, in part based on allegations by Franklin B. Gowen and the testimony of a Pinkerton detective, James McParland (also known as James McKenna), a native of County Armagh, Ireland. The Molly Maguires were arrested by Gowen's Philadelphia & Reading Railroad private police. The Molly Maguires is a 1970 American historical drama film directed by Martin Ritt, starring Richard Harris and Sean Connery. Four (Alexander Campbell, John "Yellow Jack" Donahue, Michael J. Doyle and Edward J. Kelly) were hanged on 21 June 1877, at a Carbon County prison in Mauch Chunk (renamed Jim Thorpe in 1953), for the murders of John P. Jones and Morgan Powell, both mine bosses, following a trial later described by a Carbon County judge, John P. Lavelle, as follows: The Molly Maguire trials were a surrender of state sovereignty. I heard that a crowd of masked men had entered Mrs. O'Donnell's house ... and had killed James O'Donnell alias Friday, Charles O'Donnell and James McAllister, also Mrs. McAllister whom they took out of the house and shot ... Now as for the O'Donnells I am satisfied they got their just deserving. [35], While Kenny observes that the AOH was "a peaceful fraternal society", he does note that in the 1870s the Pinkerton Agency identified a correlation between the areas of AOH membership in Pennsylvania, and the corresponding areas in Ireland from which those particular Irish immigrants emigrated. If I was not here the Vigilante Committee would not know who was guilty and when I find them shooting women in their thirst for blood I hereby tender my resignation to take effect as soon as this message is received. [29] Although there had been fifty "inexplicable murders" between 1863 and 1867 in Schuylkill County,[30] progress in the investigations was slow. Gowen cross-examined her, but could not shake her testimony. The stories were widely believed. They took their name from the custom of the members sometimes disguising themselves as women. Looking past that the film is riviting. After a series of often violent conflicts, twenty suspected members of the Molly Maguires were convicted of murder and other crimes and were executed by hanging in 1877 and 1878. Comedy. The Molly Maguires were an Irish 19th-century secret society active in Ireland, Liverpool and parts of the Eastern United States, best known for their activism among Irish-American and Irish immigrant coal miners in Pennsylvania. [28] Labor organizers angrily watched railway directors riding about the country in luxurious private cars while proclaiming their inability to pay living wages to hungry working men. [41], All mine workers, regardless of craft status, national origin, and religious background, were eligible to join the WBA. Injured miners, or those too old to work at the face, were assigned to picking slate at the "breakers" where the coal was crushed into a manageable size. McGeehan lived with a Mrs. Boyle, a "young widow". Sean Connery and Richard Harris, along with Samantha Eggar and other Celtic actors do a fine job of showing how the workers pushed back against their mine-owner masters. One of the men was killed in the house, and the other two supposed Mollies were wounded but able to escape. His killers, leaving him for dead in the stable door, were not aware until two days later that he had survived. Patrick Flynn was the secretary of the Liverpool Molly Maguire Clubs in the 1850s and their headquarters was in an alehouse in Alexander Pope Street also known as Sawney Pope Street. The last of the Molly Maguires were hanged in the Carbon County Prison in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania (known today as Jim Thorpe) on June 21, 1887. [12] Molly Maguire history is sometimes presented as the prosecution of an underground movement that was motivated by personal vendettas, and sometimes as a struggle between organized labor and powerful industrial forces. The five defendants were sentenced to death. A secret group of Irish immigrant miners, known as the Molly Maguires, fights against the cruelty of the mining company with sabotage and murder. She stated that she was speaking out voluntarily, and was only interested in telling the truth about the murder. Gowen acted as a prosecutor in some of the trials. In The Pinkerton Story, authors James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett write sympathetically about the detective agency and its mission to bring the Mollies to justice. The Molly Maguires (1970) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. Historian Kevin Kenny, author of Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, called Kehoe's first-degree murder conviction fifteen years later "unquestionably the most dubious of all the verdicts handed down to the Molly Maguires." Authors who accept the existence of the Mollies as a violent and destructive group acknowledge a significant scholarship that questions the entire history. Written by McParland recorded that a Mollie named William Love had killed a Justice of the Peace, surnamed Gwyther, in Girardville. She testified that she refused to provide her husband with clothing while he was in prison, because he had "picked innocent men to suffer for his crime". [1] In some areas the terms Ribbonmen and Molly Maguires were both used for similar activism but at different times. Judge Dreher[70] presided over the trials. This history remains part of local Pennsylvania lore. Thomas Campbell Foster in The Times on 25 August 1845 traced the commencement of "Molly Maguireism" to Lord Lorton ejecting tenants in Ballinamuck, County Longford, in 1835. [38] Kenny noted that one contemporary organization, the Pennsylvania Bureau of Industrial Statistics, clearly distinguished between the union and the violence attributed to the Molly Maguires. Agrarian resistance often took the form of fence destruction, night-time plowing of croplands that had been converted to pasture, and killing, mutilating, or driving off livestock. [73], In 1979, Pennsylvania Governor Milton Shapp granted a posthumous pardon to John "Black Jack" Kehoe after an investigation by the Pennsylvania Board of Pardons. A scaffold had been erected in the Carbon County Jail. [40], Kenny notes there were frequent tensions between miners of English and Welsh descent, who held the majority of skilled positions, and the mass of unskilled Irish laborers. [45], There appears to be an error in the detective's report (which also constituted his resignation letter) of the vigilante incident: he failed to convey the correct number of deaths. If the bosses exercise tyranny over the men they appear to look to the association for help. The Molly Maguires: Secret and Murderous. The date of 9 October 1873 is important because there is not complete agreement among historians and writers about the initiation of the Molly Maguire case. [64] Another four miners were put on trial and were found guilty on a charge of murder. Molly Maguires Trials (1876-77) In 1875, a writer of the time observed, there came from coal-mining district of Pennsylvania "an appalling series of tales of murder, of arson, and of every description of violent crime." John Kehoe had proclaimed his innocence until his death. About 200 men and women assembled, who were divided into four parties – the 'Molly Maguires', the 'Kellys', the 'Fitzpatricks' and the 'Murphys' – the greater number of whom were armed with sticks and stones. Dewees, a contemporary and a confidant of Gowen, wrote that by 1873 "Mr. Gowen was fully impressed with the necessity of lessening the overgrown power of the 'Labor Union' and exterminating if possible the Molly Maguires." Others supported her testimony amid speculation that Kerrigan was receiving special treatment due to the fact that McParland was engaged to his sister-in-law, Mary Ann Higgins. McParland had no direct evidence, but had recorded that the four admitted their guilt to him. In December, 1874, Gowen led the other coal operators to announce a twenty percent pay cut. Two British former soldiers decide to set themselves up as Kings in Kafiristan, a land where no white man has set foot since Alexander the Great. [31] There was "a lull in the entire area, broken only by minor shootings". In the 1870s, 30 Irish immigrants were executed for being suspected members of Molly Maguires, a secret terrorist group in coal-mining PA. [21] The miners lived a life of "bitter, terrible struggle". [56], Another plan was in the works, this one against two night watchmen, Pat McCarron and Benjamin K. Yost, a Tamaqua Borough Patrolman. Action, Certificate: Passed After months of little progress, McParland reported some plans by the "inner circle". Information passed from the Pinkerton detective, intended only for the detective agency and their client – the most powerful industrialist of the region – was also provided to vigilantes who ambushed and murdered miners suspected of being Molly Maguires, as well as their families. The Bureau concluded that the union had brought an end to the "carnival of crime". Insisting he was innocent, Campbell declared that "this is proof of my words. Nineteen members of the group were hanged in all—10 of them on the "Day of the Rope," 21 June 1877. In 1876 and 1877 McParland was the star witness for the prosecution of John Kehoe and the Molly Maguires. Although the existence of the Molly Maguires as an organized band of outlaws in America is still debated, most historians now agree that the trials and executions were an … Despite the obvious conflict of interest, Gowen (pictured above) served as the chief prosecutor in the subsequent trials, and the other prosecuting attorneys worked for railroads and mining companies. Author Anthony Lukas wrote that the attack seemed "to reflect the strategy outlined in Pinkerton's memo".[44]. [55], On the last day of the month, with Gowen's strikebreakers pouring in, the Summit telegraph office was burned, a train derailed, and McParland advised [his Pinkerton supervisor] to send in uniformed police to preserve order.[55]. Kenny, Kevin. England, 1850s. [36] In his book Big Trouble, which traces McParland's history, writer J. Anthony Lukas has written: "The WBA was run by Lancashire men adamantly opposed to violence. The rules advised Mollies about how they should conduct themselves in land disputes and were an attempt to direct the movement's activities: The Molly Maguires were also active in Liverpool, England, where many Irish people settled in the 19th century, and many more passed through Liverpool on their way to the United States or Canada. Herded into freight trains by the hundreds, these workers often replaced English-speaking miners who, according to labor historian George Korson: ...were compelled to give way in one coal field after another, either abandoning the industry altogether for other occupations or else retreating, like the vanishing American Indian, westward...[19], ...faced constant hazards from violation of safety precautions, such as they were. The leader might approach a storekeeper and demand a donation of flour or groceries. [12] In the note, McParland reported that these two had been killed by vigilantes. 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